Mastering Download Links How to Make Them

The best way to make a obtain hyperlink is a crucial talent for any web site proprietor or developer. From easy file sharing to complicated multimedia downloads, understanding the intricacies of making efficient obtain hyperlinks can considerably influence consumer expertise and server efficiency. This information delves into the various kinds of obtain hyperlinks, exploring their technical nuances, safety concerns, and consumer interface greatest practices.

Get able to craft obtain hyperlinks which can be each environment friendly and user-friendly!

We’ll discover varied hyperlink varieties, from direct downloads to these utilizing redirects. We’ll cowl the coding behind these hyperlinks, examples in PHP, Python, and Node.js. This is not simply concerning the code, although; we’ll additionally talk about safety greatest practices, file sort concerns, and methods to create a seamless consumer expertise for downloading information of any dimension. Let’s dive in!

Table of Contents

Completely different Obtain Hyperlink Sorts

Obtain hyperlinks are the gateways to digital treasures, however they are not all created equal. Understanding the assorted varieties and their nuances is essential for each customers and server directors. Completely different strategies influence obtain velocity, reliability, and even safety. This exploration delves into the world of obtain hyperlinks, revealing the secrets and techniques behind their various functionalities.

Direct Obtain Hyperlinks

Direct obtain hyperlinks are the only type. They level on to the file’s location on the server. These hyperlinks are generated by the server itself, usually utilizing a novel identifier for the file. Think about a librarian guiding you straight to the e-book on the shelf. The consumer’s browser retrieves the file instantly from the server.

Obtain Hyperlinks with Redirects

These hyperlinks, typically used for safety or advertising and marketing functions, redirect customers to a obtain web page earlier than initiating the precise obtain. This middleman step could be helpful in sure situations, resembling verifying consumer eligibility or displaying related info earlier than the obtain begins. Consider a safety checkpoint earlier than you are allowed to enter a restricted space. The redirect provides an additional step, probably slowing down the preliminary expertise, however it may be an necessary safety measure.

Hyperlinks to Obtain Pages

The sort of hyperlink results in a devoted webpage containing the obtain file. The obtain web page would possibly present metadata concerning the file, resembling dimension, description, and even consumer critiques. These pages usually supply varied obtain choices, resembling completely different file variations or extra assets. Think about a library catalog; it guides you to the related info earlier than accessing the e-book.

Technical Variations and Server Dealing with

Direct obtain hyperlinks require minimal server intervention. The server merely sends the file to the consumer’s browser. Redirects contain the server sending a brief response to the browser, instructing it to fetch the precise file. Obtain pages, however, contain the server serving an HTML web page containing obtain directions.

Comparability of Hyperlink Sorts

Hyperlink Kind Technique Benefits Disadvantages
Direct Obtain Hyperlinks Direct file switch Quick, environment friendly, minimal server load Potential safety vulnerabilities if not dealt with accurately, much less user-friendly for complicated situations.
Obtain Hyperlinks with Redirects Short-term redirection Enhanced safety measures, improved consumer expertise (pre-download info). Elevated latency, potential for redirection loops if not managed fastidiously.
Hyperlinks to Obtain Pages HTML web page supply Detailed info, a number of obtain choices, user-friendly Increased server load, probably slower obtain velocity.

Affect on Person Expertise

The selection of hyperlink sort considerably impacts the consumer expertise. Direct obtain hyperlinks supply the quickest and most dependable obtain speeds. Redirects add a slight delay, however they’ll improve safety and consumer expertise. Obtain pages present detailed info, making the method extra user-friendly, however probably resulting in slower downloads because of the further server interplay.

Safety Concerns

Safety is paramount. Direct hyperlinks, if not dealt with accurately, can expose the server to potential vulnerabilities. Redirects, whereas including a layer of safety, can even pose dangers if the redirection course of is flawed. Obtain pages usually require safe dealing with of delicate info in the course of the obtain course of, necessitating sturdy safety protocols.

Creating Direct Obtain Hyperlinks: How To Make A Obtain Hyperlink

Direct obtain hyperlinks supply a handy method for customers to entry information from a server with out navigating by intermediate pages. They’re important for every part from distributing software program updates to offering downloadable paperwork. This part particulars the method of making these hyperlinks and the safety concerns concerned.Producing a direct obtain hyperlink sometimes includes a server-side script that handles the file’s supply.

The method ensures that the consumer’s browser instantly begins downloading the file as a substitute of displaying its contents. Crucially, the method permits for fine-grained management over the file’s presentation and dealing with.

Producing Direct Obtain Hyperlinks with Server-Aspect Scripts

Server-side scripting languages like PHP, Python, and Node.js present the muse for producing direct obtain hyperlinks. These languages allow the server to work together with the file system and reply to consumer requests to obtain a selected file. This dynamic method offers an important stage of management and adaptability.

  • PHP Instance: A PHP script can be utilized to ship a file on to the consumer’s browser. This method leverages the `header` perform to inform the browser to deal with the response as a obtain.

    This code snippet units the suitable headers to sign the obtain. Crucially, it ensures that the file is accurately recognized and dealt with by the consumer’s browser.

  • Python Instance: The same idea applies in Python. Python’s `response` object facilitates setting headers for obtain.

    import flask
    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
    @app.route(‘/obtain/ ‘)
    def download_file(filename):
    filepath = ‘path/to/your/file/’ + filename
    if os.path.exists(filepath):
    return flask.send_file(filepath, as_attachment=True)
    else:
    return “File not discovered”

    This Python code instance makes use of the `send_file` technique to streamline the file supply course of. It is a concise and efficient method for producing direct obtain hyperlinks in Python net purposes.

  • Node.js Instance: Node.js, a JavaScript runtime atmosphere, can even create direct obtain hyperlinks by the Categorical.js framework.

    const categorical = require(‘categorical’);
    const app = categorical();
    app.get(‘/obtain/:filename’, (req, res) =>
    const filename = req.params.filename;
    const filepath = ‘path/to/your/file/’ + filename;
    res.obtain(filepath, filename, (err) =>
    if (err)
    console.error(‘Error downloading file:’, err);
    res.standing(500).ship(‘Error downloading file’);

    );
    );

    This Node.js code successfully makes use of the `res.obtain` technique to ship information on to the consumer’s browser, prompting a obtain.

Safety Concerns for Direct Obtain Hyperlinks

Safety is paramount when coping with direct obtain hyperlinks. Malicious information or incorrectly configured hyperlinks can compromise consumer programs. Thorough validation and verification of file paths and content material are essential.

File Kind Code Snippet Performance Safety Concerns
PDF Instance PHP code above Gives direct obtain of a PDF file. Make sure the file path is safe and validated to forestall entry to unauthorized information.
Picture Instance Python code above Permits direct obtain of picture information. Implement correct enter validation to forestall listing traversal assaults.
Zip Archive Instance Node.js code above Gives direct obtain of a zipper archive. Validate the file’s integrity to forestall malicious payloads.
Executable Instance PHP code above Allows direct obtain of executable information. Prohibit entry to executable information to approved customers.

Creating Obtain Hyperlinks Via Redirects

Steering customers easily to obtain pages is vital. Redirects are a strong software for guiding customers to the proper obtain location, enhancing the consumer expertise and making your web site extra environment friendly. This method usually results in improved efficiency and consumer satisfaction.Redirects are a elementary a part of net design, enabling a seamless transition from one net web page to a different.

That is particularly essential for obtain hyperlinks, making certain customers attain the designated obtain web page shortly and effectively. This method can considerably enhance the general consumer expertise.

Understanding Redirect Strategies

Redirects are important for guiding customers to the correct obtain web page. They will considerably improve the consumer expertise, offering a seamless transition. A number of strategies exist for implementing redirects, every with its personal traits.

  • 301 Redirects: Everlasting redirects, signifying a everlasting change within the location of a useful resource. Search engines like google and yahoo perceive this and replace their indexes accordingly, minimizing any potential lack of search engine visibility. This technique is good when the obtain location is now not accessible on the unique URL.
  • 302 Redirects: Short-term redirects, used when the obtain location is quickly moved. Search engines like google and yahoo deal with these in another way than 301s, recognizing it as a brief shift. They’re acceptable when the obtain web page is predicted to return to its unique location.
  • Meta Refresh Redirects: A client-side redirect, instructing the browser to mechanically redirect the consumer after a specified time delay. This technique is much less complicated however can influence consumer expertise if the delay is simply too lengthy or too quick. It is usually a sensible choice for fast redirects, however it’s not superb for complicated situations.

Advantages of Utilizing Redirects for Downloads

Redirects present a number of benefits for obtain hyperlinks, significantly when it comes to group and consumer expertise.

  • Improved Person Expertise: Direct, easy transitions improve consumer satisfaction. Customers respect a streamlined course of that shortly leads them to the obtain web page.
  • Enhanced : Correctly applied redirects protect search engine visibility, stopping lack of natural site visitors. That is particularly necessary when shifting a obtain web page to a brand new location.
  • Simplified Web site Administration: Sustaining obtain hyperlinks is extra environment friendly with redirects. Updating a obtain web page turns into an easier job.
  • Useful resource Optimization: Redirects can enhance useful resource utilization by sending customers on to the related web page, decreasing the necessity for a number of server requests.

Efficiency Comparability of Redirect Strategies

The efficiency of various redirect strategies can differ, impacting the consumer expertise. Elements like server response time and browser processing time play a job.

  • 301 Redirects: Usually quicker than different strategies resulting from their simplicity and direct nature. Search engines like google and yahoo shortly course of and index the brand new location.
  • 302 Redirects: Comparable in efficiency to 301s, though serps won’t deal with the redirect as everlasting.
  • Meta Refresh Redirects: May be slower because of the time delay, probably impacting consumer expertise if not optimized accurately. Efficiency additionally depends upon server-side processing and browser functionality.

Redirect Implementation and Affect

A well-structured method to redirect implementation is important for sustaining and consumer expertise. Implementing redirects accurately is essential for easy transitions and avoiding points.

Redirect Kind Mechanism Affect Web site Construction
301 Redirect Everlasting change of location. Optimistic; serps replace their indexes. Useful resource moved completely.
302 Redirect Short-term change of location. Impartial; serps won’t deal with the redirect as everlasting. Useful resource quickly moved.
Meta Refresh Redirect Browser mechanically redirects after a delay. Impartial to unfavorable; might not be well-indexed by serps. Shopper-side redirect.

Measuring Redirect Effectiveness

Monitoring the efficiency of various redirect methods is important for optimization. Instruments like Google Analytics present insights into consumer conduct and redirect effectiveness.

  • Web site Site visitors: Monitor adjustments in site visitors to the obtain web page after implementing redirects. A major drop in site visitors might point out a difficulty with the redirect implementation.
  • Bounce Price: A excessive bounce fee after redirection might counsel customers usually are not discovering the obtain web page simply.
  • Obtain Completion Price: Analyze the variety of profitable downloads following redirects to gauge their effectiveness in guiding customers to the proper location.

Obtain Hyperlinks for Completely different File Sorts

How to make a download link

Crafting obtain hyperlinks is not nearly getting a file to somebody; it is about making the method easy and user-friendly. Completely different file varieties have distinctive wants, and understanding these nuances is vital to a constructive consumer expertise. Realizing the correct strategy to deal with a JPEG versus a ZIP file, as an example, could make a world of distinction.This part delves into the specifics of making obtain hyperlinks for varied file varieties, from photos and movies to paperwork.

We’ll cowl important concerns like content-disposition headers, dealing with massive information, and troubleshooting widespread obtain issues. The objective is to make sure your obtain hyperlinks usually are not solely purposeful but in addition environment friendly and dependable.

File Kind-Particular Concerns

Understanding the character of various file varieties is essential for crafting efficient obtain hyperlinks. Pictures, movies, and paperwork every have particular wants in the case of delivering them to customers.

  • Pictures (JPEG, PNG, GIF): These information usually require minimal extra info within the obtain hyperlink. The first focus is on accurately figuring out the file sort to make sure the proper viewer or utility opens it. The Content material-Disposition header is important for this; a well-formatted header can considerably enhance the consumer expertise, by clearly displaying the file identify.
  • Movies (MP4, MOV, AVI): Just like photos, right identification is vital. Nevertheless, the potential dimension of video information usually necessitates cautious consideration of how the obtain is dealt with to keep away from consumer frustration. A transparent file identify, correct file sort, and correct content-disposition headers are paramount to a very good consumer expertise.
  • Paperwork (PDF, DOCX, TXT): These usually require a extra detailed method, as customers want the suitable viewer to open the doc. Making certain the right content-disposition header is crucial. In lots of circumstances, customers count on a file identify that displays the doc’s contents, making this a crucial factor for a very good consumer expertise.
  • Archives (ZIP, RAR): These include a number of information inside a single compressed package deal. The Content material-Disposition header ought to clearly talk the archive’s identify and sort. Dealing with massive archives requires cautious consideration to stopping obtain errors, and in addition environment friendly obtain mechanisms.

Content material-Disposition Header Examples

The Content material-Disposition header is an important a part of a obtain hyperlink. It tells the browser methods to deal with the file, particularly what to call the downloaded file.

  • Picture Instance:

    `Content material-Disposition: attachment; filename=”picture.jpg”`

    This tells the browser to avoid wasting the file as “picture.jpg”.

  • Video Instance:

    `Content material-Disposition: attachment; filename=”video.mp4″`

    This instructs the browser to avoid wasting the video as “video.mp4”.

  • Doc Instance:

    `Content material-Disposition: attachment; filename=”report.pdf”`

    This specifies saving the PDF report as “report.pdf”.

Giant File Dealing with and Troubleshooting, The best way to make a obtain hyperlink

Giant information, like movies or archives, could cause obtain issues. Correct dealing with is essential to make sure a constructive consumer expertise. A great obtain hyperlink must be designed with massive file sizes in thoughts, and correct use of content material headers could be a very important a part of the design.

  • Chunking: Dividing massive information into smaller elements for environment friendly downloading, and stopping massive obtain failures. This helps to keep away from potential issues that may come up from interrupted downloads.
  • Error Dealing with: Implementing sturdy error dealing with can considerably enhance the obtain expertise. This ensures customers can resume interrupted downloads.
  • Progress Indicators: A progress bar offers the consumer with suggestions and reduces anxiousness in the course of the obtain course of.

Frequent Obtain Points and Troubleshooting

Issues with downloading completely different file varieties can stem from varied components. Understanding widespread points may help with fast troubleshooting.

  • Incorrect Headers: Misconfigured Content material-Disposition headers can result in the improper file being downloaded, or a failure within the obtain course of.
  • Server Points: Server-side issues, resembling community congestion or file system errors, can have an effect on the obtain course of.
  • Shopper-Aspect Points: Browser limitations, or short-term community issues can have an effect on the obtain expertise.

Desk of Vital Headers and Parameters

This desk summarizes the required headers and parameters for various file varieties.

File Kind Content material-Disposition Different Concerns
Picture (JPEG, PNG, GIF) `attachment; filename=”picture.jpg”` Right MIME sort
Video (MP4, MOV, AVI) `attachment; filename=”video.mp4″` Giant file dealing with, streaming choices
Doc (PDF, DOCX, TXT) `attachment; filename=”report.docx”` Right MIME sort, probably viewer info
Archive (ZIP, RAR) `attachment; filename=”archive.zip”` Chunking, error dealing with

Safety and Obtain Hyperlinks

Defending your downloads is essential in right this moment’s digital panorama. A seemingly innocuous obtain hyperlink can harbor hidden threats, jeopardizing your gadgets and knowledge. Understanding these dangers and using efficient safety measures is paramount to protected on-line navigation.Obtain hyperlinks, whereas handy, can expose you to varied safety vulnerabilities. Malicious actors usually disguise dangerous content material as professional downloads, resulting in important dangers.

Realizing methods to determine and mitigate these threats is important for accountable digital citizenship.

Significance of Safe Obtain Practices

Defending your digital property begins with recognizing the significance of safe obtain practices. Careless dealing with of obtain hyperlinks can result in extreme penalties, together with knowledge breaches, malware infections, and monetary losses. By adopting proactive safety measures, you possibly can considerably cut back these dangers and keep a safer on-line expertise.

Frequent Safety Threats

Obtain hyperlinks can masks varied safety threats. Malware, disguised as professional software program, can infect your gadgets with viruses, adware, or ransomware. Phishing assaults usually use obtain hyperlinks to trick you into revealing delicate info, like passwords and bank card particulars. These threats can result in important monetary and private losses.

Defending Obtain Hyperlinks

Strong safety measures are important to safeguard in opposition to threats lurking in obtain hyperlinks. Using HTTPS ensures encrypted communication between your machine and the server internet hosting the obtain. Validating file varieties helps stop the obtain of malicious information disguised as innocent extensions. Utilizing safe file storage options, like cloud companies with robust encryption, additional protects your knowledge.

Checksums and Digital Signatures

Checksums and digital signatures play a crucial function in verifying the integrity of downloaded information. Checksums are distinctive numerical values that characterize the file’s contents. Evaluating the checksum of the downloaded file with the checksum offered by the supply ensures no unauthorized modifications have occurred. Digital signatures, created utilizing cryptographic strategies, confirm the file’s origin and stop tampering.

These strategies add an additional layer of safety, guaranteeing the file’s authenticity.

Safety Measures and Effectiveness

Safety Measure Effectiveness in opposition to Malware Effectiveness in opposition to Phishing Effectiveness in opposition to Tampering
HTTPS Average Excessive Average
File Kind Validation Excessive Average Low
Safe File Storage Excessive Excessive Excessive
Checksum Verification Excessive Low Excessive
Digital Signatures Excessive Excessive Excessive

The desk above illustrates the various levels of effectiveness of various safety measures in opposition to varied threats. A layered method, combining a number of safety measures, offers the strongest safety.

Person Expertise and Obtain Hyperlinks

A easy obtain expertise is paramount for consumer satisfaction. A well-designed obtain course of, from hyperlink visibility to progress updates, immediately impacts consumer notion of your service or product. Customers count on clear, concise info and a dependable obtain course of, free from frustration. This part will delve into optimizing obtain hyperlinks for an distinctive consumer expertise.

Optimizing Obtain Hyperlinks for Person Expertise

A seamless obtain expertise begins with a user-friendly interface. Clear and concise presentation of obtain hyperlinks, coupled with intuitive progress indicators and error dealing with, are essential. Customers ought to really feel in management and knowledgeable all through your complete course of. It will construct belief and encourage repeat utilization.

Presenting Obtain Hyperlinks Clearly and Concisely

Obtain hyperlinks needs to be simply identifiable and situated throughout the consumer interface. Keep away from burying them amidst irrelevant content material. Use clear labels and visible cues to tell apart obtain choices. For example, a distinguished button with a obtain icon is preferable to a small, unobtrusive textual content hyperlink.

Managing Giant Downloads and Offering Progress Indicators

Giant downloads could be tedious. Implementing progress indicators is important to maintain customers engaged and knowledgeable. A visually interesting progress bar, displaying the share accomplished and estimated time remaining, offers a way of management. In some circumstances, offering estimated completion occasions may help customers put together for the obtain.

Informing Customers Concerning the Obtain Course of

Clear communication all through the obtain course of is vital. Clear and concise standing messages assist customers perceive the progress and potential points. Use quick, descriptive messages to tell the consumer of what’s occurring. Keep away from jargon or technical phrases.

Dealing with Errors and Offering Suggestions

Error dealing with is essential for a easy obtain expertise. If a obtain fails, present informative error messages that information customers towards decision. These messages needs to be clear, concise, and actionable. A easy retry button or clear directions for contacting assist can considerably enhance the consumer expertise.

Person Interface Design Components for Obtain Hyperlinks

Aspect Description Instance
Hyperlink Visibility Hyperlinks needs to be simply situated and clearly labeled. “Obtain Report” button with a obtain icon.
Hyperlink Labels Labels needs to be clear and descriptive. “Obtain Full Report (PDF)”
Progress Indicators Progress bars and estimated time remaining are very important for giant downloads. A progress bar displaying obtain proportion and time remaining.
Error Dealing with Informative error messages with clear options. “Obtain failed. Please examine your web connection and take a look at once more.”
Suggestions Messages Inform customers of the obtain standing. “Downloading… (25%)”

Instruments and Applied sciences for Creating Obtain Hyperlinks

How to make a download link

Crafting efficient obtain hyperlinks is essential for a seamless consumer expertise. The appropriate instruments and applied sciences can streamline the method, guarantee file integrity, and increase consumer satisfaction. Choosing the proper method depends upon components like the size of your mission, the quantity of downloads anticipated, and the precise wants of your platform.Fashionable net growth provides a wealth of choices for creating sturdy obtain mechanisms.

From easy scripting to classy APIs, a various vary of instruments and applied sciences empower builders to construct environment friendly and safe obtain experiences.

Common Instruments and Applied sciences

Quite a lot of instruments and applied sciences facilitate the creation of obtain hyperlinks. These embrace server-side scripting languages, content material supply networks (CDNs), and specialised obtain administration libraries. The optimum alternative usually hinges on the mission’s distinctive necessities.

  • Server-Aspect Scripting Languages: Languages like PHP, Python (with frameworks like Flask or Django), Node.js (with Categorical.js), and Ruby on Rails are generally used for dealing with obtain requests. These languages permit dynamic technology of obtain hyperlinks and management over the obtain course of, usually built-in with database programs for managing file storage.
  • Content material Supply Networks (CDNs): CDNs distribute information throughout a worldwide community of servers, minimizing latency for customers worldwide. CDNs can enhance obtain speeds, decreasing the pressure in your servers and making certain a smoother expertise for a bigger viewers.
  • Obtain Administration Libraries: Specialised libraries in languages like Python or JavaScript can automate obtain hyperlink creation and dealing with. These libraries usually supply options like progress bars, error dealing with, and resume capabilities, enhancing the general consumer expertise.
  • Cloud Storage Providers: Providers like Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, and Azure Blob Storage supply sturdy storage options and built-in obtain mechanisms. They deal with scalability and safety seamlessly, superb for dealing with excessive volumes of downloads.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Every Instrument

Evaluating the professionals and cons of every software is crucial for selecting the very best method. Contemplate components resembling scalability, safety, and ease of integration with present programs.

  • Server-Aspect Scripting Languages: These languages supply important flexibility, permitting for customized logic and complicated interactions with databases. Nevertheless, they require server-side assets and cautious coding to make sure safety.
  • Content material Supply Networks (CDNs): CDNs excel at delivering content material shortly to world customers, however they usually contain a price construction. Their focus is on velocity and distribution, not essentially the intricate logic of particular person obtain processes.
  • Obtain Administration Libraries: These libraries can considerably simplify the event course of, however they won’t all the time align with present architectures. They concentrate on the obtain mechanics themselves, not your complete utility.
  • Cloud Storage Providers: Cloud storage companies simplify storage and distribution, however they could have restrictions on sure kinds of file downloads or have particular configurations for entry administration.

Integration with Internet Platforms and Frameworks

The seamless integration of those instruments along with your net platform is important. Contemplate how these instruments match into your present structure and workflow.

  • PHP with a Content material Administration System (CMS): A PHP-based CMS, resembling WordPress, can make the most of libraries to deal with downloads, enabling an easy integration inside a pre-existing platform. This method permits for simple file administration and entry management.
  • Python Frameworks: Python frameworks like Django or Flask can combine with cloud storage companies like S3 to handle large-scale downloads. This permits builders to construct scalable and safe programs for dealing with downloads.

API Integration for Obtain Hyperlinks

Leveraging APIs to generate obtain hyperlinks can streamline the method, enabling environment friendly interactions between purposes.

APIs present a structured and well-defined strategy to request and obtain knowledge, together with obtain hyperlinks. They’re very important for integrating with different programs, enabling environment friendly and safe obtain interactions.

  • Instance: A Python script using the AWS S3 API might generate pre-signed URLs for downloading information immediately from S3, making certain safe and managed entry to particular information.

Server-Aspect Scripting for Dealing with Obtain Requests

Server-side scripting languages play a crucial function in dealing with obtain requests successfully. They handle file switch protocols and knowledge integrity.

  • Instance: A PHP script can use headers to specify the file sort and dimension, making certain the browser accurately handles the obtain and offering clear directions to the consumer.

Comparability Desk of Instruments

Instrument Performance Strengths Weaknesses
Server-Aspect Scripting (PHP, Python) Dynamic hyperlink technology, file dealing with Flexibility, customizability, integration with databases Requires server-side assets, safety issues
Content material Supply Networks (CDNs) Content material distribution, improved velocity World attain, diminished latency, scalability Price, restricted management over obtain course of
Obtain Administration Libraries Automation, progress bars, error dealing with Streamlined growth, enhanced consumer expertise Potential compatibility points, restricted scope
Cloud Storage Providers (S3, GCP) Storage, retrieval, obtain mechanisms Scalability, safety, ease of use Potential restrictions on obtain varieties, configuration wants

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